Отправить эту статью по почте 
ТЕРРОРИЗМ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ: УРОКИ ИСТОРИИ ДЛЯ СЕГОДНЯШНЕЙ ВОЙНЫ ПРОТИВ ТЕРРОРИЗМА Часть II: Организация «Народная Воля» и ее роль в истории политического терроризма в России
Аннотация
Введение. Данная статья исследует роль и значение революционной народнической социалистической организации «Народная воля» в истории политического терроризма в Российской империи.
Методы. Две волны политического террора имели место в Российской империи в 1878-1894 гг. и в 1894-1916 гг. «Народная воля» занимала доминирующее место в первой волне террора, и главным достижением народовольцев было цареубийство Александра II 1 марта 1881 года. Во второй волне террора, особенно в революции 1905-1907 гг., многие левые партии и движения принимали участие в террористической борьбе. Элементы преемственности преобладали во второй вспышке террора, главным образом благодаря наследию «Народной воли» по части определения целей и тактики террористической активности.
Результаты. Народовольцы приобретали большой идеалистический и романтический ареол, поэтому будущие террористы не могли изменить цели и тактику из-за боязни измены наследию этой организации. Традиция «Народной воли» предопределяла не только цели и тактики террористов второго поколения, но и ответы либералов, консерваторов и самодержавия в обеих волнах терроризма. Многие группировки в правительстве и политических классах использовали терроризм для достижения своих политических целей и оправдания своих ответов на террористическую угрозу.
Выводы. «Народная воля» продолжает занимать особое место в истории политического терроризма в современном мире. Однако объективное исследование «Народной воли» еще представляется достаточно затруднительной задачей, потому что на протяжении 140 лет историография этой революционной организации содержит большие элементы мифотворчества и множество белых пятен.
Ключевые слова
Полный текст:
PDF (English)Литература
All dates occurring in Russia are given according to the Julian calendar. Days in the Julian Calendar ran behind the Gregorian Calendar 12 days in the XIX century and 13 days in the XX century.
Khalilov T.A. Politicheskij porjadok i problema ideologii. [Political Order and the Problem of Ideology]. Politicheskaja konceptologija. Zhurnal metadisciplinarnyh issledovanij = Political Conceptology. Journal of Metadisciplinary Research. Rostov-on-Don. 2017, No. 3, pp. 247-256. (In Russ).
Major works on the People’s Will include: Bogucharskij V.Ya. Iz istorii politicheskoj bor’by v 70-h i 80-h gg. XIX veka: Partiya “Narodnaya volya”, ee proisxozhdenie, sud’by i gibel’ [From the history of political struggle in the 1870s and 1880s. The party of the People’s Will, its origins, fates, and destruction]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo “Russkaya Mysl’”, 1912 (In Russ.); Budnickij О.V. Terrorizm v rossijskom osvoboditel'nom dvizhenii: ide-ologiya, etika, psihologiya (vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX v.) [Terrorism in the Rus-sian liberation movement: ideology, ethics, psychology (second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century). 2nd expanded edition. Moscow: “Rossiiskaya politich-eskaya enciklopediya” (ROSSPEN), 2016 (In Russ.); Kan G.S. "Narodnaya volya". Ide-ologiya i lidery [The "People's Will". Ideology and leaders]. Moscow: Probel, 1997 (In Russ.); Safronova Yu.A. Russkoe obshhestvo v zerkale revolyucionnogo terrora, 1879-1881 gody [Russian society in the mirror of revolutionary terrorism, 1879-1881]: Mos-cow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014 (In Russ.); Sedov M.G. Geroicheskij period revolyucionnogo narodnichestva (iz istorii politicheskoj bor'by) [The heroic period of revolutionary populism (from the history of political struggle)]. Moscow: Mysl', 1966 (In Russ.); Troickij N.A. Krestonoscy socializma [Crusaders of socialism]. Saratov: Iz-datel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 2002 (In Russ.); Tvardovskaya V.A. Socialistich-eskaya mysl' Rossii na rubezhe 1870-1880-h godov [Socialist thought in Russia in the late 1870s and early 1880s]. Moscow: Nauka, 1969 (In Russ.); Volk S.S. Narodnaya Volya, 1879-1882 [The People’s Will, 1879-1882]. Moscow: Nauka, 1966 (In Russ.); Zajonch-kovskij P.A. Krizis samoderzhaviya na rubezhe 1870-1880-h godov [The crisis of the au-tocracy in the late 1870s and early 1880s]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universi-teta, 1964 (In Russ.); Naimark N.M. Terrorists and social democrats: the Russian revolu-tionary movement under Alexander III. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 1983 (In Eng.); Ulam A. In the name of the people: prophets and conspirators in pre-revolutionary Russia. New York: Viking Press, 1977 (In Eng.); Yarmolinsky A. Road to revolution: a century of Russian radicalism. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986 (In Eng.). Available in electronic format at: http://www.ditext.com/yarmolinsky/yarframe.html.
Khalilov T.A. Recenzija na knigu Stejna Ringena «Narod d’javolov: demokraticheskie lid-ery i problema povinovenija». [Review of Stein Ringen‘s book – The Devil’s People: Dem-ocratic Leaders and the Problem of Obedience]. Historical and Social-Educational Ideas. 2016. Vol. 8, No. 2-2, pp. 205-206. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17748/2075-9908-2016-8-2/2-205-206.
Rocchi T. Terrorism in the Russian Empire: lessons of history for today's war on terror-ism Part I: posing the questions for studying terrorism in Russia. Historical and Social-Educational Idea. 2018; 10(5/1): 36-52. (In Eng.). URL: https://doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2018-10-5/1-36-52.
Budnickij О.V. Terrorizm v rossijskom osvoboditel'nom dvizhenii: ideologiya, etika, psi-hologiya (vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX v.) [Terrorism in the Russian liberation movement: ideology, ethics, psychology (second half of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century). 2nd expanded edition. Moscow: “Rossiiskaya politicheskaya enci-klopediya” (ROSSPEN), 2016, pp. 15-16. (In Russ.).
For information about ethnic minority parties and terrorism, see: Politicheskie partii Rossii, konec XIX – pervaya tret’ XX veka [Political parties of Russia, from the end of the XIX century to 1930]. Moscow: “Rossiiskaya politicheskaya enciklopediya” (ROSSPEN), 1996. (In Russ.); Snytko T.G. Russkoe narodnichestvo i pol’skoe obshhestvennoe dvizhenie, 1865-1881 gg. [Russian populism and the Polish social movement, 1865-1881]. Moscow: Nauka, 1969 (In Russ.) Blit L. The origins of Polish socialism, the history and ideas of the first Polish socialist party, 1878-1886. Cambridge UK: Cambridge Uni-versity Press, 1971 (In Eng.); Geifman A. Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Rus-sia, 1894-1917. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993 (In Eng.). The Russian translation is available in electronic format. Geifman A. Revolyucionnij terror v Rossii,
-1917 [Revolutionary terror in Russia, 1894-1917]. Moscow: KRON-PRESS, 1997 (InvvRuss.).vvURL: http://royallib.com/book/geyfman_anna/revolyutsionniy_terror_v_rossii_1894_1917.html.
Ulam A. In the name of the people: prophets and conspirators in pre-revolutionary Rus-sia. New York: Viking Press, 1977, p. 142 (In Eng.).
Geifman A. Thou shalt kill: revolutionary terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. pp. 6-7. Русский перевод в электронной форме: [Geyfman A. Revolutionary terror in Russia, 1894-1917. M.: KRONAS-PRESS, 1997]. URL: http://royallib.com/book/geyfman_anna/revolyutsionniy_terror_v_rossii_1894 _1917.html.
Rocchi Anthony. Political trials in Imperial Russia under the reformed courts, 1864-1894. London ON, Canada, 1978. [Unpublished master’s thesis] (In Eng).
The Soviet historian N.A. Troickij wrote many books on political trials of the populists and members of the People’s Will. See: Troickij N.A. Carskie sudy protiv revolyucionnoj Rossii: Politicheskie processy, 1871-1880 gg. [Tsarist courts against revolutionary Russia: Political trials, 1871-1990]. Saratov: Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1976 (In Russ.); Troickij N.A. Bezumstvo hrabryh: russkie revolyucionery i karatel'naya politika carizma, 1866-1882 gg. [The madness of the bold: Russian revolutionaries and the puni-tive policy of tsarism]. Moscow: Mysl’, 1978 (In Russ.); Troickij N.A. Carizm pod sudom progressivnoj obshhestvennosti, 1866-1895 gg. [Tsarism on trial by progressive public opinion]. Moscow: Mysl’, 1979 (In Russ.); Troickij N.A. “Narodnaya Volya” pered carskim sudom [“The People’s Will” before the tsarist court]. Saratov: Izdatel’stvo Saratovskogo universiteta, 1983 (In Russ.); Troickij N.A. Advokatura v Rossii i politicheskie processy 1864-1904 gg. [Lawyers in Russia and political trials 1864-1904]. Tula: Avtograf, 2000 (In Russ.).
Rocchi T. Terrorism in the Russian Empire: lessons of history for today's war on terror-ism, p. 40.
Troickij N.A. Narodnaya Volya i ee krasnyj terror [The People's Will and its red terror]. Published in Individual'nyj politicheskij terror v Rossii (XIX-nachalo XX vv) [Individual political terror in Russia (19th-early 20th centuries)]. Moscow: Memorial, 1996. (In Russ.) Available in electronic format: http://old.memo.ru/history/terror/index.htm.
Several novels about the People’s Will include: Aldanov M.A. Istoki [Origins]. Paris: YMCA Press, 1950 (In Russ.); Davydov Yu.V. Gluhaya pora listopada [The deaf time of the leaves falling]. Moscow: Molodaya Gvardiya, 1968 (In Russ.); Krasnov P.N. Tsareubijcy: 1-go marta 1881-go goda [Regicides: March 1, 1881]. Rostov-on-Don: MAPREKON, 1992 (In Russ.); Trifonov Yu.V. Neterpenie [Impatience]. Moscow: Sovetskij pisatel’, 1988 (In Russ.); Brzozowski S. Płomienie; z papierów po Michale Kaniowskim. [ The Flames: from the papers of Michal Kaniowski] Lwow: Nakł. Ksiȩg. Polskiej Bernarda Połonieckiego, 1908 (In Polish); Cahan A. The white terror and the red: a novel of revolutionary Russia. New York: Arno Press, 1975 (In Eng.).
See: Laqueur W. The age of terrorism. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987 (In Eng.).
Jeffrey M. Bale. Right-Wing Terrorists and the Extraparliamentary Left in Post-World War II Europe: Collusion or Manipulation? Berkeley Journal of Sociology, vol. 32 (1987), pp, 193-236, p. 198 (In Eng.).
For example, Sterling C. The terror network: the secret war of international terrorism. New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston, 1981 (In Eng.); Genri E. Protiv terrorizma [Against Terrorism]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Agenstva Novosti, 1981 (In Russ.); Vitjuk V.V., Jefirov S.A. “Levyj” terrorizm na Zapade: istoriya i sovremennost' [“Left” terrorism in the West: past and present]. Moscow: Nauka, 1987 (In Russ.).
Szamuely T. The Russian tradition. London: Secker & Warburg, 1974, p. 368. (In Eng.).
Troickij N.A. Narodnichestvo kak ideologiya rossijskogo osvoboditel'nogo dvizheniya [Populism as an ideology of the Russian liberation movement]. Almanac “East”. Issue: No. 1/2 (25/26), January-February 2005 (In Russ.). URL: http://www.situation.ru/app/j_art_756.htm.
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks). Short course (In Eng.). URL: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1939/x01/index.htm.
Khalilov T.A. Politiko-jekonomicheskie istochniki vlasti v sovremennoj Rossii: razmysh-lenija nad jeffektom «kletki». [Political-Economic Sources of Power in Contemporary Russia: Reflections on the “Cage” Effect]. Politicheskaja konceptologija. Zhurnal meta-disciplinarnyh issledovanij = Political Conceptology. Journal of Metadisciplinary Re-search. Rostov-on-Don. 2016. No. 2. Pp. 157-163. (In Russ).
For example: Neproletarskie partii v Rossii: urok istorii [Non-proletarian parties in Rus-sia: the lesson of history]. Moscow: Mysl’, 1984 (In Russ.).
Lenin V. Why the Social-Democrats Must Declare a Determined and Relentless War on the Socialist-Revolutionaries. July, 1902. URL: https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1902/jul/00.htm (In Eng).
Lenin V. In memory of Herzen. May, 1912. URL: https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1912/may/08c.htm (In Eng.).
Khalilov T.A. Balans formal'nyh i neformal'nyh praktik politicheskogo vzaimodejstvija vlasti i biznesa v postsocialisticheskoj Rossii. [Balance of Formal and Informal Practices of Political Interaction between Government and Business in Post-Socialist Russia]. Vlast' = Power. 2016, No. 9. Pp. 113-116.
Riedl M. А Collective Messiah: Joachim of Fiore’s Constitution of Future Society = O Mes-sias coletivo: a constituição da sociedade futura em Joaquim de Fiore, 2012. URL: https://www.revistamirabilia.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/2012_01_03.pdf (In Eng.).
Troickij N.A. Narodnichestvo kak ideologiya rossijskogo osvoboditel'nogo dvizheniya.
Troickij N.A. Narodnaya Volya i ee krasnyj terror [The People's Will and its red terror].
For information about the state security policy of the autocracy, see: Peregudova Z.I Politicheskij sysk Rossii: 1880-1917 [Political investigation in Russia: 1800-1917]. Mos-cow: “Rossiiskaya politicheskaya enciklopediya” (ROSSPEN), 2000 (In Russ.); Stepanov Sergei and Charles Ruud. Fontanka 16. Politicheskij sysk pri tsaryah [Fontanka 16. Politi-cal investigation under the tsars]. Moscow: Mysl, 1993 (In Russ.). English translation. Ruud Ch.A. and Stepanov S.A. Fontanka 16: the tsar’s secret police. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1999 (In Eng.); Daly J.W. Criminal Punishment and Europeani-zation in Late Imperial Russia. Jahrbucher fur Geshichte Osteuropas. Neue Folge. Bd. 48. H. 3 (2000), pp. 341-362 (In Eng.); Daly J.W. Autocracy under siege: security police and opposition in Russia, 1866-1905. DeKalb IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998 (In Eng.); Daly J.W. On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia. Slavic Review, vol. 54, no. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 602-629 (In Eng.); Daly J.W. Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia. The Journal of Modern History, vol. 74, no. 1 (March 2002), pp. 62-100 (In Eng.); Daly J.W. The watchful state: security police and opposition in Russia, 1906-1917. DeKalb IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004 (In Eng.); Fuller W.C. Civil-military conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881-1914. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985 (In Eng.); Fuller W.C. Civilians in Russian Military Courts, 1881-1904. The Russian Review, vol 41, no. 3 (Jul., 1982), pp. 288-305 (In Eng.); Rawson D. The Death Penalty in Late Tsarist Russia: an Investigation of Judicial Procedures. Russian History, vol. 11, no. 1 (1984), pp. 29-52 (In Eng.).
Naimark N.M. Terrorists and social democrats: the Russian revolutionary movement un-der Alexander III. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 112-113 (In Eng.).
For example, Polevoi Yu.Z. Zarozhdenia marksizma v Rossii, 1883-1894 gg. [The emer-gence of Marxism in Russia, 1883-1894]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959 (In Russ.).
See: Itenberg B.S. Pervyj Internacional i revolyucionnaya Rossiya [The First International and revolutionary Russia]. Moscow: Mysl’, 1964 (In Russ.); K. Marks, F. Engel’s i revoly-ucionnaya Rossiya [K. Marx, F. Engels, and revolutionary Russia]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoj literatury, 1967 (In Russ.).
Narodnichestvo. Filosofskij slovar’ pod redakciej I.T. Frolova [Populism. Philosophy Dic-tionary edited by I.T. Frolov]. Moscow: Politizdat, 1991, p. 278 (In Russ.). URL: http://ponjatija.ru/node/1344.
Safronova Yu.A. Russkoe obshhestvo v zerkale revolyucionnogo terrora, 1879-1881 gody [Russian society in the mirror of revolutionary terrorism, 1879-1881]: Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2014 (In Russ.).
Nauchnaya elektronnaya biblioteka “KiberLeninka” [The academic electronic library “CyberLeninka”] (In Russ). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/.
See the polemical exchange in 2004 between Troickij and Kan that included Soviet-style name-calling. Troickij N.A. Eshho odin sud nad partiej “Narodnaya Volya” [One more judgment on the party of The People’s Will. URL: http://socialist.memo.ru/recens/y04/tr.htm (In Russ.); Kan G.S. “Razoblachiteli” i “apol-ogety” “Narodnoj Voli” [“Debunkers” and “apologists” of the People’s Will]. URL: http://socialist.memo.ru/recens/y04/tr2.htm (In Russ.).
For example: Ikonnikov-Galickij A. Samoubijstvo imperii: terrorizm i byurokratiya, 1866-1916 [Suicide of the empire: terrorism and bureaucracy, 1866-1916]. St. Petersburg: LIMBUS PRESS, 2016 (In Russ.).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2019-11-2-83-102
Ссылки
- На текущий момент ссылки отсутствуют.
Учредитель/Издатель/Редакция:
НОЧУ ДПО "Кубанская многопрофильная Академия подготовки, переподготовки и повышения квалификации специалистов".
ОГРН 1072300002444
350080, Россия, Краснодарский край, г. Краснодар, мкр. Пашковский, ул. Заводская, 32
Тел.: +7(905) 471 31 94
E-mail: akademus07@rambler.ru
Учредитель:
АНПОО "Северо-Кубанский Гуманитарно-Технологический Колледж"
350020, Россия, Краснодарский край, Станица Кущёвская, Ул. Краснодарская 71а
Тел. +7(86168)4 03-96
Email: skgtk@mail.ru
Свидетельство о регистрации:
Эл. № ФС77-37034 от 04.08.2009
(ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО НАДЗОРУ В СФЕРЕ СВЯЗИ, ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И МАССОВЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ)
e-ISSN: 2219-6048 (ONLINE)